Evolution Korea It's Not As Hard As You Think
Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist inclinations. It's still better than we had hoped for.
The country is seeking a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that values respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence society. But there are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. These people formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metallurgy, which produced iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other nations and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan and also styles of art, a written language, and papermaking.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and often required them to serve in the army or take part in projects for the government like building fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the end of the period. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian beliefs into its official belief system and made the male centered filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They had to be obeyed by everyone and respected by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. Early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stones, with precious items like amazonite jewelry being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, made of enormous single stones, are widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that, the peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Among them, Baekje was the most powerful, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the immense cost of the old system would prefer a thorough program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand supporters of the old system are seeking to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears over potential job losses.
Policy and academic analysts are in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article reviews developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution that include democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies some key factors that seem to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their beliefs to this population. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people are not convinced that humans evolved from less advanced species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was focused on the education of students and in bringing Christ to them. A significant rise in interest in creation science began in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, in which it reported on its activities and published articles about the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country at universities and churches.
One example of a KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, there were enough students interested in creationism that they raised enough money and support to construct a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science, and it has sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this time, the famous samulnori or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. 무료에볼루션 were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to find an equilibrium between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves rethinking the incentives and monitoring policies that been a part of the system before the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas and also by a migrant from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. As a result, it was in frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.
The fall of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became a rival to Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.